How Mental Health Medications Can Increase Risk During Heat Waves: What You Need to Know

Navigating the summer heat: Hydration and rest are critical, especially for those on medications that affect body temperature and thirst awareness.

As summer temperatures rise to record-breaking highs across the country, it’s important to remember that heat affects everyone differently, and some people are especially vulnerable. Among them are individuals taking certain mental health medications. These medications, while essential for managing conditions like depression, anxiety, and ADHD, can impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature, stay hydrated, or recognize early signs of heat-related illness.

If you or a loved one takes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or psychostimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin) or amphetamine salts (Adderall), understanding how these medications interact with heat is crucial.

The Hidden Risks of Heat Waves and Mental Health Medications

Extreme heat isn’t just uncomfortable—it can be dangerous. The human body normally cools itself through sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. However, certain medications interfere with these processes, making it harder to maintain a safe internal temperature.

SSRIs and Heat Regulation

SSRIs are among the most commonly prescribed medications for depression and anxiety. These include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and escitalopram (Lexapro), among others.

Research shows that SSRIs can impair the body’s thermoregulatory function. They do this by affecting serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a role not only in mood regulation but also in temperature regulation. Serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus help control sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels to release heat). SSRIs increase serotonin availability, which can paradoxically impair these functions during heat stress.

A study published in Thermoregulation and Psychotropic Medications notes that individuals on SSRIs are at higher risk of hyperthermia, especially during vigorous activity or when exposed to high temperatures for extended periods (Stöllberger et al., 2009).

Key Risks of SSRIs in Heat:

• Reduced ability to sweat efficiently

• Impaired vasodilation response

• Increased risk of heat exhaustion or heat stroke

Psychostimulants, Dehydration, and Appetite Suppression

Stimulants used to treat ADHD—like Adderall, Vyvanse, Concerta, and Ritalin—have their own challenges in the heat. These medications often suppress appetite, and with that, thirst. For children and adults alike, this can lead to unintended dehydration, especially during hot summer days filled with outdoor activity.

Dehydration increases the risk of heat-related illness and impairs both physical and cognitive performance. Since psychostimulants also raise core body temperature and increase metabolic rate, the body is already working harder than normal. Without sufficient fluid intake, the risk of overheating becomes significant.

One study from the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology found that stimulant medications can raise heart rate and body temperature even at rest, which—combined with dehydration—can become dangerous under heat stress (Graham & McNeil, 2008).

Key Risks of Psychostimulants in Heat:

• Decreased appetite and thirst awareness

• Higher core body temperature

• Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

• Fatigue, dizziness, or fainting

Practical Tips to Stay Safe in the Heat

While the risks are real, they can be managed with simple, proactive steps. Here’s how individuals on mental health medications can stay safe during heat waves:

Hydrate Before You Feel Thirsty

Thirst is a lagging indicator of dehydration, especially for individuals taking medications that suppress appetite or alter the sensation of thirst. Set reminders to drink water throughout the day to stay hydrated. A general rule of thumb is 8 to 10 cups of water daily, more if you’re active or sweating.

Pro Tip: Encourage kids to drink a glass of water every hour when playing outside, even if they say they’re not thirsty.

Avoid Prolonged Sun Exposure

Limit time in direct sunlight, particularly between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV and heat levels peak. Opt for shaded areas or stay indoors with air conditioning whenever possible.

Dress for the Heat

Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, light-colored clothing to help the body cool more effectively. Avoid heavy fabrics or dark colors that trap heat.

Know the Early Signs of Heat Illness

Watch for:

• Headache

• Nausea

• Dizziness or confusion

• Rapid heartbeat

• Hot, dry skin (or profuse sweating)

• Muscle cramps

If these symptoms arise, move to a cool place, hydrate, and seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Check In with Your Doctor

Before the hottest months of the year, talk with your healthcare provider about your current medications. In some cases, dosage adjustments or medication timing can help reduce risks.

Create a Summer Safety Plan for Kids

If your child takes ADHD medication, coordinate with camp counselors, coaches, or babysitters to ensure they understand the importance of regular hydration and breaks from heat.

Why This Matters More Than Ever

With climate change driving more frequent and intense heat waves, the intersection of mental health and temperature regulation is becoming a significant public health concern. According to the CDC, over 1,200 people die from extreme heat each year in the U.S.—many of them with underlying health conditions or medication sensitivities.

As more individuals seek mental health treatment and begin taking medications, it’s important to recognize that wellness means looking at the whole picture, not just the diagnosis or prescription. Education about heat safety is part of responsible, whole-person care.

Final Thoughts

Mental health medications save lives and improve the quality of life for millions. But during the summer months, they can also increase vulnerability to heat-related illnesses. Fortunately, with awareness and simple precautions—like staying hydrated, avoiding midday sun, and recognizing early warning signs—you can enjoy a safe and healthy summer.

If you have any questions about how your medications may interact with heat or dehydration, consult your healthcare provider. A small conversation today can prevent a serious problem tomorrow.

References

1. Stöllberger, C., Lutz, W., & Finsterer, J. (2009). Heat-related side effects of psychotropic drugs. Thermoregulation and Psychotropic Medications, Psychiatr Danub, 21(3), 482–485.

2. Graham, S. M., & McNeil, M. J. (2008). Cardiovascular and thermogenic effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Implications for the treatment of ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(1), 38–44.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Heat-Related Illnesses and Deaths. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/index.html